Antibiotics can be lifesaving when they are the right treatment for a bacterial infection. They also carry risks, and using them when they are not needed can contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Before you start a prescription, these seven questions can help you understand the plan.
1. Is this infection likely to be bacterial?
Antibiotics treat certain infections caused by bacteria. They do not work against viruses such as those that cause colds or flu. Some symptoms overlap, so the decision may depend on your examination, medical history, local guidance and, in some cases, a test.
2. Do I need an antibiotic now?
Not every bacterial infection needs immediate antibiotic treatment. A clinician may sometimes recommend monitoring, symptom care or a delayed prescription. Ask what signs would mean that you should start treatment, return for review or seek urgent care.
3. What is the exact dose and schedule?
Take the medicine exactly as prescribed. Confirm how much to take, how often, for how many days, and whether it should be taken with food. If you miss a dose, follow the instructions on the label or ask a pharmacist; do not automatically double the next dose.
4. Could it interact with my medicines or conditions?
Tell the prescriber and pharmacist about prescription medicines, over-the-counter products, supplements, pregnancy or breastfeeding, kidney or liver problems, and any previous allergy to antibiotics. This information can affect the choice and dose.
5. Which side effects are common, and which are urgent?
Common effects can include nausea, diarrhoea and rash. Severe allergic symptoms, trouble breathing, facial swelling or a widespread blistering rash need urgent medical attention. Significant or persistent diarrhoea during or after antibiotics also deserves prompt medical advice because it can sometimes signal a serious C. difficile infection.
6. When should I expect to improve?
Ask what improvement should look like and when it should begin. Contact the clinician if symptoms worsen, new symptoms appear or you do not improve within the expected timeframe. Do not stop, extend or switch treatment on your own.
7. What should I do with leftover medicine?
Do not save antibiotics for a future illness or share them with someone else. A leftover drug may be the wrong treatment or dose. Ask a pharmacist about an approved medicine take-back or disposal option in your area.
Why responsible use matters
Antimicrobial resistance occurs when microbes change and medicines become less effective. The World Health Organization reported that one in six laboratory-confirmed bacterial infections worldwide in 2023 was resistant to antibiotic treatment. Misuse and overuse are important drivers, so the goal is not to avoid antibiotics when they are needed, but to use the right one, at the right dose, for the right duration.
Sources: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; World Health Organization.
This article is for general education and is not a substitute for personalised medical advice. Contact a qualified health professional about your symptoms and medicines.
